This review comprehensively examines the latest advancements in TES mechanisms, materials, and structural designs, including sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical storage systems. . From large-scale solutions like pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage to distributed technologies such as batteries and hydrogen fuel cells, the role of storage is expanding beyond merely being a back-up: it is becoming an integral component of modern power systems. Decarbonization is a crucial step towards a sustainable future, and renewable energy plays a vital role in making this transition. . Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies are emerging as key enablers of sustainable energy systems by providing flexibility and efficiency in managing thermal resources across diverse applications. This study reviews chemical and thermal energy storage technologies, focusing on how they. .
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